Batere ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔaka abom (BESS) wɔ standardized shipping containers mu no asesa deployment sikasɛm a ɛwɔ grid-scale storage infrastructure no titiriw. Saa ano aduru a wɔde ahyɛ nsukorade mu yi-taa ne ISO nsusuwii a ne tenten yɛ anammɔn 20- anaa anammɔn 40- hyia-ɛhyɛ anyinam ahoɔden nkwammoaa, mfiri a wɔdannan tumi, mfiri a ɛhwɛ ɔhyew so, ne mfiri a wɔde siw ogya ano ma ɛbɛyɛ akuw a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ adwumayɛbea a wobetumi de afa akwan a wɔfa so de nneɛma kɔ baabiara a wɔtaa fa so de akɔ na wɔde ahyɛ adwuma wɔ nna kakraa bi mu sen sɛ wɔde asram pii. Wɔ ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo dwumadie ne microgrid architectures ho no, saa modularity yi di bere mu nsɛsoɔ a ɛwɔ awoɔ ntoatoasoɔ a ɛsakra ne adesoa a wɔhwehwɛ no ntam a ɛwɔ hɔ no ho dwuma.
Dɛn Nti na Containers, Ɔkwan biara so?
Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ biribi wɔ hɔ a ɛyɛ fɛ wɔ po so hyɛn mu ade a ɛba fam-saa dade adaka a ɛyɛ ahinanan a ɛsakraa wiase nyinaa aguadi-ma ɛbɛyɛ anwenne a wɔde hwehwɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik. Wɔayɛ nsusuwii ahorow no gyinapɛn wɔ wiase nyinaa. Krane a ɛwɔ hyɛn gyinabea biara tumi di ho dwuma. Wɔyɛ lɔre ahorow ma wɔn. Ɛyɛ infrastructure a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw.
Nanso nea ɛyɛ anigye ankasa no kɔ akyiri sen nneɛma a wɔde kɔ baabiara. Sɛ wode adekorabea reyɛ adwuma ama owia ahoɔden afuw a ne ahoɔden yɛ MW 50 wɔ Australia kurotia anaa mframa a wɔde besisi hɔ wɔ North Sea a, wompɛ sɛ wubesi dan a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ afi mfiase. Wopɛ biribi a ɛba a wɔasɔ ahwɛ, wɔagye atom, na wɔasiesie. Ade a wɔde gu mu no bɛyɛ ade a wɔde yɛ adwuma mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ adwuma.
Nhyehyɛe dodow no ara nnɛ pack baabi a ɛwɔ 2.5 ne 5 MWh mu kɔ 20-foot unit mu. Nsuo-nwini foforɔ a ɛfiri CATL, BYD, ne Sungrow no repia akɔ 5+ MWh a 314Ah nkwammoaa a wɔahyehyɛ no wɔ nhyehyɛɛ te sɛ 1P104S wɔ rack biara mu. Ɛno yɛ ahoɔden density pii a wɔahyɛ no ma wɔ cubic mita 33 mu.
Ade no mu Guts
Bue saa nkukuo yi mu baako apon na wobɛhunu sɛ wɔahyehyɛ no nwonwa-anaasɛ ɛyɛ claustrophobic, a egyina wo adwene so.
Battery a wɔde hyɛ mudi ahunmu no so. Wɔn mu toatoa so, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ akuwakuw 8 kosi 12 wɔ ade biara mu, akuwakuw biara kura pack ahorow pii a wɔde nhama abɔ mu nnidiso nnidiso. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) nnuru adi nkonim titiriw wɔ akodi ahorow a wɔde sie ma nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ baabiara no mu. Yiw, NMC de ahoɔden density a ɛkorɔn ma, nanso wɔ nsɛm kakraa bi a ɛkorɔn-profile thermal guaway nsɛm-2021 Beijing Fengtai ɔtopae a ɛyɛ nea agye dimmɔne sen biara-nnwumakuw no nyinaa sii gyinae sɛ ahoɔden a wonyae kakraa bi no mfata insurance sika no.
NoBattery a Wɔde Di Dwuma Ho Nhyehyɛene baabi a nneɛma yɛ anigye. Ɛnyɛ mfiri biako na mmom ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe: cell-level monitoring boards a ɛde aduan kɔ pack controllers mu, a ɛbobɔw kɔ cluster managers, a wɔbɔ amanneɛ kyerɛ master unit. Layer biara di voltage, current, temperature akyi, na ɛbu state-of-charge. Algorithm a wɔde yɛ SOC akontabuo nko ara na ɛbɛtumi ahyɛ graduate thesis-Kalman filters, neural networks, equivalent circuit models, ne nyinaa ko ma pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ wɔ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu kakraa bi mu.
Tumi Nsakrae Nhyehyɛe Ahorowdi AC/DC ntam nkitahodi no ho dwuma. Centralized PCS nhyehyeɛ no de batere nhama pii bata inverter kɛseɛ baako ho-a ɛnyɛ den, ne boɔ yɛ mmerɛ, nanso wobɛnya nsuo a ɛkyinkyini wɔ nhama a ɛnhyia ntam. String-level PCS ma cluster biara n'ankasa converter; hardware pii, nanso eyi "weakest link" haw a ɛwɔ baabi a ahama biako a asɛe twetwe nhyehyɛe no nyinaa kɔ fam no fi hɔ. Ɛte sɛ nea nnwuma no rekɔ nea etwa to no so, ɛwom sɛ ɛka ho nhyɛso ma nsusuwii ahorow a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no kɔ so tra ase wɔ gua ahorow a ɛbo -a ɛyɛ mmerɛw so.
Na afei nso, ɛwɔ hɔɔhyew a wɔde di dwuma, a nokwarem no ɛfata sɛ wɔde adwene si so kɛse sen sɛnea ɛtaa nya no.
Ɔhyew: Owudifo a Ɔyɛ Komm
Batere kyi ɔhyew a ɛtra so. Wɔ digrii 10 ase no, lithium ions fa electrolyte no mu brɛoo; charge a cold cell ntɛmntɛm dodo na wo de wo ho to asiane mu sɛ lithium plating wɔ anode-asɛe daa. Sɛ ɛboro digrii 35 , a, ɔsɛe no kɔ so ntɛmntɛm kɛse. Na ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ pack bi mu? Ɔhaw a ɛwɔ hɔ saa ara. Sɛ nkwammoaa biako yɛ hyew digrii 8 sen ne fipamfo a, ɛsono sɛnea wɔbɛbɔ akwakoraa, na wo batere a wode ahwɛyiye ayɛ no bɛyɛ basabasa a ɛnsɛ wɔ mfe kakraa bi mu.
Ná mframa a wɔde ma onwini ne ɔkwan a wɔtaa fa so yɛ ade mfe pii. Mfiridwuma mu HVAC a wɔde asisi nsukorade no afasu so, ductwork a ɛkyekyɛ mframa a ɛyɛ nwini fa batere a wɔde gu mu no mu. Ɛnyɛ den sɛnea ɛsɛ. Nanso mframa wɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hu. Wowie a, mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew, mmeae a awɔw wom, ne fan ahorow a wotu mmirika bere nyinaa. Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ ɔhyew mu a ɛyɛ digrii 5-8 wɔ nkwammoaa ntam no taa ba.
Nsu a wɔde yɛ onwini no sesaa agoru no. Glycol-nsu a wɔde afrafra a ɛsen fa mprɛte a ɛyɛ nwini a wɔahyɛ no nkwammoaa ani so no tumi kura ɔhyew a ɛtrɛw wɔ digrii 3 ase -ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛba fam digrii 2 . Aguadi-off no yɛ den: pɔmpɛ, ɔhyew sesa, mmeae a ebetumi ama nsu atɔ. Nanso wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde sakre tu mprenu da biara wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew fam no, mfaso a ɛwɔ asetra mu kyinhyia so no yɛ kɛse. Wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma binom kyerɛ sɛ batere nkwa nna tenten 30% sɛ wɔde toto mframa-nwini a ɛne no sɛ ho a.
Mogya a ɛretu no ano yɛ immersion cooling-a ɛde nkwammoaa nhyiam nyinaa gu dielectric nsu mu. Ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ katee, na ɛte saa. Nsu no (a wɔtaa yɛ fluorocarbons) twetwe ɔhyew fi nkwammoaa no ani tẽẽ a mframa kwan biara nni mu, ɔhyew ntam nneɛma biara nni mu, mprɛte a ɛyɛ nwini biara nni mu. Southern Power Grid de immersion-cooled system dii dwuma wɔ Meizhou Baohu gyinabea wɔ afe 2023 mu; wɔrebɔ amanneɛ sɛ cell-to-cell temperature deltas a ɛwɔ 2℃ase . Sɛ́ ebia saa kwan yi reyɛ kɛse wɔ sikasɛm mu no yɛ nea wontumi nhu.
Microgrids: Baabi a Storage Nya Ne Keep
Asɛmfua "microgrid" no nya tow di akɔneaba a ɛnyɛ den, nanso mfiridwuma mu nkyerɛase no ho hia: tumi nhyehyɛe a wɔhwɛ so wɔ mpɔtam hɔ a ɛwɔ anyinam ahoɔden ahye a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu a ebetumi ayɛ adwuma a ɛka anaasɛ wɔatew ne ho afi grid titiriw no ho. Asɛmfua titiriw no ne "tetew ne ho." Sɛ nkitahodi a ɛkɔ utility no so no di nkogu-ahum, asasewosow, nsiesie a wɔayɛ ho nhyehyɛe-ɛsɛ sɛ microgrid no kari pɛ wɔ n’ankasa nneɛma a wɔde ma ne nea wɔhwehwɛ, hyehyɛ n’ankasa frequency ne voltage.
Eyi ne baabi a nneɛma a wɔde sie wɔ nkuku mu bɛyɛ nea ɛho nhia.
Awo ntoatoaso a wotumi yɛ foforo wɔ microgrid mu no fi awosu mu sesa. Owia ahoɔden a efi mu ba no di ɔkwan a wotumi hyɛ ho nkɔm nanso wontumi nni so akyi; mframa yɛ bɔne sen saa. Sɛ woankora so a, wuhia dispatchable generation-taa yɛ diesel generators-de hyɛ nsonsonoeɛ no mu ma. Storage sesa equation no. Owia ahoɔden a ɛboro so awiabere no ma batere ahorow no nya ahoɔden; anwummere ahwehwɛde twetwe wɔn kɔ fam. Diesel genset no bɛyɛ backup mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ adwuma pɔnkɔ titiriw.
Mfiridwuma mmɔnten so atrae ahorow agye saa nhwɛso yi atom denneennen. Wɔ China Mongolia Mfinimfini mantam mu no, "zero-carbon" mfiridwuma mmeae pii de nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛka mframa 30+ MW, owia a ɛwɔ ɔdan atifi wɔ adwumayɛbea adan mu, ne 3-7 MWh nneɛma a wɔde sie nneɛma a wɔde gu mu mu abom adi dwuma. Ahoɔden sohwɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow-a ɛtaa yɛ adwuma wɔ mfiridwuma PC ahorow a ɛwɔ adekorabea no mu-ma nneɛma a wɔde mena no yɛ papa a egyina bere-de-de anyinam ahoɔden dodow, awo ntoatoaso a wɔyɛ foforo ho nkɔmhyɛ, ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe so. Sɛ anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma wɔ anyinam ahoɔden so bo kɔ soro wɔ nnɔnhwerew a nnipa pii fa mu a, nneɛma a wɔkora so no fi hɔ; sɛ nneɛma bo kɔ fam anadwo fã a, ɛbɔ ka. Sikasɛm no pɛnsere fi bere a peak-valley trɛw boro bɛyɛ 0.7 RMB/kWh.
Remote installations de nsɛnnennen ahorow ba. Ebia adwumayɛbea a wotu fagude wɔ Australia Atɔe fam, telefon so nkitahodi abantenten a ɛwɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam, nsupɔw so mpɔtam a ɛwɔ Pacific-mmeae yi nni grid nkitahodi biara koraa. Microgrid no na ɛyɛ adwumayɛgrid no mu. Ɛha yi, ɛnyɛ sɛ nneɛma a wɔkora so no rema sikasɛm ayɛ yiye; ɛyɛ sɛ ɛrema mfitiaseɛ dwumadie atumi ayɛ adwuma. 48V battery bank a ɛboa owia ahoɔden panel kakraa bi no betumi ayɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ tete de sɛ wɔde toto utility-scale installations ho a, nanso nnyinasosɛm ahorow a ɛwɔ ase no yɛ pɛ.
Na Ahobammɔ nso ɛ?
Momma yɛnka tẽẽ: lithium-ion batere tumi tɔ ogya. Nnwumakuw no ayɛ adwumaden de atew asiane yi so-LFP nnuruyɛ fi awosu mu yɛ nea ɛyɛ den sen NMC, BMS nhyehyɛe ahorow no twa nkwammoaa a ɛboro ahobammɔ parameters so, ɔhyew sohwɛ ma ɔhyew no kɔ so yɛ adwuma-nanso nsɛm a esisi da so ara si. Akontaabu no ye ankasa wɔ per-MWh nnyinaso so, nanso sɛ adekorabea bi sɔ a, nea efi mu ba no yɛ kɛse.
Nnɛyi nhyehyɛe ahorow de ahobammɔ ahorow pii ka ho. Wusiw ne mframa a wɔde hu nneɛma (titiriw ma hydrogen fluoride ne carbon monoxide) de kɔkɔbɔ ma ntɛm. Aerosol anaa clean-agent suppression systems betumi abɔ ogya a ɛrefi ase no agu. Venting panels siw nhyɛso a ɛbɛkɔ soro no ano. Akwanside ahorow a ɛwɔ honam fam no siw batere no ntam ntrɛwmu ano.
Ogya a wɔde siw ogya ano a wɔpaw no adan akɔ perfluorohexanone (wɔtɔn sɛ Novec 1230 anaa nea ɛte saa), a ɛnyɛ-ntumi nkɔ, ennya nkae biara, na entumi sɛe ozone kakraa bi. Nanso nokware a ɛnyɛ dɛ no ni: sɛ thermal runaway trɛw fa batere mu pɛ a, nhyehyɛe biara a wɔde siw ano rentumi nsiw ano. Wubetumi abrɛ ase, ahyɛ mu, asiw no kwan sɛ ɛntrɛw nkɔ pack a ɛbɛn ho-nanso worentumi nkora nkwammoaa a ɛka no no so. Nyansapɛ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔyɛ nneɛma ho no fa ɔsɛe a wɔbɛto ano hye ho ankasa sen sɛ wobeyi asiane afi hɔ koraa.
Sikasɛm: Akontaabu a Ɛho Hia
Ɛka a wɔbɔ no so atew ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea nhwehwɛmufo dodow no ara hyɛɛ nkɔm no. Wɔ afe 2020 mu no, nneɛma a wɔde sie a wɔde ahyɛ mu a wɔaka abom koraa no tuu mmirika bɛyɛ $300-400/kWh wɔ nhyehyɛe no gyinabea. Eduu afe 2024 awiei no, sika a wɔde too gua denneennen wɔ China no piaa nnwuma bi kɔɔ fam sen $100/kWh maa batere nkwammoaa no nkutoo, a nhyehyɛe ahorow a edi mũ wɔ $120-150/kWh mu. Sɛ́ ebia saa nneɛma bo yi yɛ nea ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa-anaasɛ egyina hɔ ma wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma a wɔtow nneɛma gu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya gua so kyɛfa no-da so ara gye akyinnye.
Sikasɛm no yɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan soronko so wɔ application ahorow nyinaa mu. Wɔ ɔdefoɔ-fã akoraeɛ (aguadi ne mfiridwuma mu nneɛma), boɔ ho nyansahyɛ no yɛ tẽẽ: charge wɔ off-peak hours, discharge wɔ peak hours, kotokuo mu nsonsonoeɛ no. Wɔ mpɔtam te sɛ Jiangsu anaa Zhejiang mantam mu, baabi a peak-bon trɛw boro 0.9 RMB/kWh na abien-kyinhyia-da -da biara adwumayɛ betumi ayɛ yiye no, IRR a ɛboro 15% no yɛ nea wobetumi anya.
Grid-side ahofadi akoraeɛ yɛ den kɛseɛ. Sika a wonya no mu apaapae: tumi a wɔde ma nnwuma a wɔyɛ no foforo, ahoɔden ho arbitrage wɔ spot gua so, nnwuma a ɛboa te sɛ frequency regulation. Asuten biara wɔ n’ankasa mmara, n’ankasa nneɛma a wontumi nsi pi. 100 MW/200 MWh adwuma bi betumi anya RMB ɔpepem 24 afe biara afi tumi a wɔde tua ho ka mu sɛ wɔyɛ tumi 80% apam wɔ 300 RMB/kW-nanso sɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ ahoɔden foforo no di nkitaho wɔ bo a ɛba fam ho nso ɛ? Na sɛ spot market trɛw teateaa nso ɛ?
Mmuae a ɛyɛ nokware ne sɛ pure-play storage economics da so ara yɛ marginal wɔ gua pii so. Nhyehyɛeɛ mmoa-sɛ ɛnam tumi tua, ahyɛdeɛ a wɔtumi yɛ foforɔ, anaa mmara pa a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde kɔ amannɔne ho-taa to tips the balance.
Yɛrehwɛ Anim
Ɛte sɛ nea ɔkwan a wɔfa so no mu da hɔ sɛnea ɛsɛ: nsukorade akɛse, ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro, nsu a ɛma onwini sɛnea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔde di dwuma a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse. CATL EnerC + ne Sungrow PowerTitan 2.0 gyina hɔ ma mprempren tebea a ɛwɔ hɔ, nanso akansi nhyɛso no mu yɛ den. Batere ayɛfo, inverter nnwumakuw, ne system integrators nyinaa retu mmirika sɛ wɔbɛpia MWh pii akɔ baabi ketewaa bi a nkwa nna ho ka sua.
Nea ɛnyɛ nokware kɛse ne sɛnea gua nhyehyɛe a ɛtrɛw no dannan. So adekorabea bɛkɔ so ayɛ agyapade kuw a egyina hɔ ma ne ho, anaasɛ ɛbɛyɛ nea wɔaka abom akɔ nneɛma a wɔkora so a wɔaka abom a wotumi yɛ foforo-plus-akorae nnwuma mu? So virtual power plant aggregators bɛyɛ agofomma atitiriw, a wɔbɛboaboa nneɛma a wɔkora so mpempem pii a wɔakyekyɛ ano ayɛ no grid-scale nneɛma? So nnuru foforo-sodium-ion, ebia, anaasɛ solid-tebea-bɛsɛe LFP tumidi no?
Wɔ microgrids titiriw fam no, nneɛma a wɔkora so ho ka a ɛrekɔ fam ne nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma a ɛretu mpɔn a wɔaka abom no kyerɛ sɛ nkɔso bɛkɔ so. Mfiridwuma no atwa aboboano no afi "sɔhwɛ a ɛhyɛ bɔ" so akɔ "ano aduru a wɔada no adi." Nea aka ne execution-deploying systems, ntetee adwumayɛfo, adan a wɔde nneɛma ma, refining adwumayɛ nhyehyɛe.
Ade a wɔde gu mu no ankasa bɛkɔ so ayɛ sɛnea na ɛte bere nyinaa: adaka a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, a wɔmmɔ din na ɛyɛ adwuma, a ɛde bo a ɛsom fi beae biako kɔ foforo. Sɛ́ mprempren ɛde ɛlɛtrɔnik nneɛma kɔ mmom sen nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ n’abakɔsɛm a ɛnyɛ nwonwa, a ɛyɛ nsakrae kɛse no mu ti foforo ara kwa.