Lithium a wɔde yɛ nneɛmadade anode ahorow wɔ nsusuwii pɔtee tumi a ɛkorɔn yiye (3860 mA·bg) ne electrochemical tumi a ɛba fam koraa (-3.040 V (vs. SHE)), na ɛma wobu wɔn sɛ "holy grail" electrode wɔ electrode nneɛma pii mu. Lithium dadeɛ batere no bi ne lithium-sulphur ne lithium-oxygen batere. Lithium-sulfur batere wɔ ahoɔden a ɛyɛ bɛyɛ 2600 W·h/kg, bere a lithium-oxygen batere wɔ ahoɔden a ɛyɛ bɛyɛ 3500 W·h/kg, bɛyɛ sɛ lithium-ion batere a wɔtaa de di dwuma no mmɔho 7 ne 10, sɛnea ɛte biara. Enti, wobu lithium dade batere sɛ ɛyɛ ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe a ɛhyɛ bɔ sen biara no mu biako na ɛyɛ nea ɛkorɔn sen biara a wɔde bɛyɛ awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ batere nhyehyɛe, na ɛtwetwe adwene kɛse. Nanso esiane lithium dendrite haw no nti, na wobetumi de lithium dade batere a edi kan no adi dwuma wɔ mmeae titiriw bi nkutoo, na wɔakyɛ sɛ wɔde di gua.
Wɔyɛɛ lithium dade batere a wotumi de hyɛ mu bio wɔ 1970 mfe no mu tɔnn na wɔde dii dwuma kɛse wɔ dɔn, akontaabu mfiri, ne ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri afoforo mu.
Wɔde lithium dade batere di dwuma kɛse wɔ anyinam ahoɔden mfiri ne nnuruyɛ mfiri a wotumi fa mu. Nanso, sintɔ ahorow bi a ɛwɔ lithium dade mu no asiw wɔn aguadi kwan. Sɛ́ Kuw 1 a ɛwɔ bere nhyehyɛe pon no mu no muni no, lithium atɔm wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik biako pɛ wɔ wɔn akyi paa, na ɛma wɔyɛ nnuru a ɛyɛ adwuma kɛse bere a wɔhwere saa ɛlɛtrɔnik yi ntɛm ara no. Sɛ lithium dade ne organic electrolyte di nkitaho a, ɛyɛ sini bi a wɔfrɛ no solid electrolyte interface (SEI) wɔ ne soro. Dwumadi titiriw a sini yi yɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛtew lithium dade no afi electrolyte no mu, na asiw lithium no nsɛe bio. Nanso, esiane nsakrae kɛse a ɛba wɔ lithium dade dodow mu bere a wɔrebɔ charge na wɔreyi afi mu nti, SEI sini no taa mu paapae. Lithium dade a ɛyɛ foforo a ɛda adi no ani ne electrolyte no san yɛ adwuma ma ɛyɛ SEI sini foforo. Ɛnyɛ sɛ saa adeyɛ yi ma lithium dendrites nyin wɔ mpaapaemu no ho nko, na mmom ebetumi akɔhyɛn ade a ɛpaapae no mu wɔ batere no mu nso, na ama circuit no ayɛ tiaa. Sɛ batere tiawa bi ba a, ɔhyew kɛse ba batere no mu, na wɔ tebea horow a emu yɛ den mu no ebetumi ama ahyew anaasɛ ɛbɛpae, na aka ahobammɔ adwumayɛ ne lithium dade batere no kɛse. Bio nso, bere a lithium dendrites dodow kɔ soro no, ɛma hokwan pii ma electrode a enye no ne electrolyte no di nkitaho, na ɛnam so ma afã horow no yɛ ntɛmntɛm. Saa nneɛma a wontumi nsakra yi di electrode nneɛma ne electrolytes, na ɛtew batere no ahoɔden ne coulombic ahoɔden so. Bere a wɔde adi dwuma bere tenten akyi no, lithium dendrite pii kata SEI sini a wɔayɛ no foforo no mu, na entumi mfa ne ho nhyɛ anyinam ahoɔden mu nneyɛe a ɛfata mu; bere koro no ara mu no, lithium dendrites a ɛbɛn substrate no porɔw ntɛmntɛm, na ɛde lithium "awu" ba, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ saa lithium fã yi bɛyɛ nea ɛnyɛ adwuma wɔ electrochemically, na ɛma battery adwumayɛ nyinaa yɛ mmerɛw kɛse. Wɔ mfe 40 a atwam no mu no, wɔanya nkɔso kɛse wɔ nhwehwɛmu ne sɛnea wɔyɛ lithium dendrite a wɔyɛ ho mfonini no mu.
Akwan a wɔtaa fa so siw dendrite nyin ano no mu biako ne sɛ wɔbɛma solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer a ɛwɔ lithium dade no ani no agyina pintinn na ayɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ denam electrolyte no a wɔbɛsesa na wɔde nneɛma pɔtee bi aka ho no so. Nanso esiane sɛ lithium dade ntumi nnyina wɔ ɔhyew mu wɔ nneɛma a wɔde ka ho mu nti, pasivation layer a etu mpɔn a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ ne soro wɔ nsu electrolyte tebea mu no yɛ den yiye. Sɛ SEI layer no a wɔbɛma ayɛ papa no da nkyɛn a, polymers anaa solid barrier layers a mfiri ahoɔden kɛse wom a wɔde bɛba no nso betumi ayɛ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn a wɔfa so siw dendrite a ɛbɛkɔ separator no mu ano. Saa akwan yi botae ne sɛ wobesiw lithium dendrite a ɛsɛe ade a ɛpaapae no ano denam mfiri a ɛwɔ SEI layer no anaa nea ɛpaapae no ankasa mu a wɔbɛma atu mpɔn no so, nanso emfi ɔhaw a ɛfa dendrite a wɔhyehyɛ ho no mfi hɔ titiriw. Bere a ɛda so ara yɛ bere kakra sɛ wobedi saa asɛnnennen yi so koraa, na lithium metal anode-based battery products no nnya nnyaa bi kɛse wɔ gua so no, nhwehwɛmufo de nsusuwii ahyɛ adwene mu lithium metal battery nhyehyɛe ahorow pii ho nyansa, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobetumi de adi dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a mfaso wɔ so. Eyinom mu no, lithium-sulphur batere a wɔde sulfur di dwuma sɛ cathode ade ne lithium-oxygen batere a wɔde oxygen di dwuma sɛ cathode ade a ɛyɛ adwuma no atwetwe adwene kɛse esiane mfaso soronko a ɛwɔ so nti na wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ nkwammoaa nhyehyɛe abien a ɛhyɛ bɔ kɛse wɔ aguadi mu nyinaa-. Lithium-sulphur batere wɔ ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn yiye (bɛyɛ 2600 W·kg) na wogye tom kɛse sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛhyɛ bɔ ma awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ-batere ahoɔden akorae nhyehyɛe. Nea ɛho hia kɛse no, elemental sulfur dɔɔso wɔ abɔde mu na ɛnyɛ nea ɛmma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, na ɛsan si mfaso a ɛwɔ lithium-sulphur batere so so dua. Enti, lithium-sulphur batere anya wiase nyinaa adwene wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu.
Polysulfide ntamgyinafo a ɛba bere a wɔrebɔ lithium-sulfur batere ahorow no charge na wɔreyi afi mu no mu tew wɔ electrolyte no mu na ɛde kɔ electrode a enye no mu.Enti, lithium dendrites a wosiw ano no yɛ den kɛse wɔ polysulfide ntamgyinafo anim, titiriw bere a sulfur cathode adesoa no dɔɔso no. Polysulfides betumi akɔ SEI film no mu na asɛe lithium dade foforo a ɛwɔ soro a ɛwɔ soro no, na ama tumi a ɛwɔ mu no ayera. Enti, polysulfide shuttle a wobesiw ano no ho hia ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛbɛma cathode tumi atu mpɔn bere a lithium-sulfur battery reyɛ adwuma nko na mmom SEI film no a ɛbɛgyina pintinn na wɔanya dendrite-free negative electrode nso. Ɛdenam mmɔdenbɔ a ɛkɔ so so no, wɔayɛ akwan pii, a nea ɛka ho ne positive limiting domain ne adsorption, electrolyte nsakrae, ne separator design. Nanso, ɛte sɛ nea akwan yi twe adwene si polysulfide shuttle a wobesiw ano na ama sulfur cathode no a wɔde di dwuma no atu mpɔn so kɛse, a wonsiw dendrite nyin a ɛwɔ lithium dade anode no mu no ano tẽẽ. Lithium-sulphur batere ahorow no adwumayɛ gyina lithium dade anode no ahobammɔ so. Nsunsuansoɔ a ɛwɔ akwan ahodoɔ a wɔfa so siw dendrite nyinɛ ano no tumi ma lithium-sulphur batere a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfasoɔ mu no ayɛ ntɛmntɛm.
Lithium-oxygen batere yɛ batere bi a ɛde oxygen a efi mframa mu di dwuma sɛ electrode a ɛyɛ papa; ɛtɔ da bi a wɔfrɛ wɔn lithium-mframa batere. Nsusuwii mu ahoɔden a ɛwɔ lithium-oxygen batere mu no dɔɔso te sɛ 3500 Wh/kg, ɛboro lithium-ion batere a wɔtɔn no so koraa. Enti, lithium-oxygen batere abɛyɛ nkɔso kɛse wɔ ahoɔden a wɔkora so mu, atwetwe wiase nyinaa adwene na wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ akansifo a ɔyɛ den wɔ awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ- ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe mu.
Te sɛ polysulfide ntamgyinafo no, oxygen cross-linking fi positive electrode kɔ lithium metal negative electrode wɔ lithium-oxygen battery mu no betumi ama lithium dade no ani asɛe nkakrankakra, na ɛde electrolyte a ɛporɔw na LiOH ne LiCO3 a ɛba bere a wɔrebɔ charge no aba. Enti, wɔayɛ akwan pii a wɔbɛfa so asiw oxygen cross-linking ano. Sɛ electrode haw pa no da nkyɛn a, lithium a ɛso tew a dendrite nyin ne passivation film no sɛe no siw lithium dade a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ lithium-oxygen batere a wotumi de hyɛ mu bio mu no kwan kɛse. Akwan a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm a wɔfa so siw lithium dendrite nyin ano no nso fa lithium-oxygen batere ho. Ɛdenam electrolyte a wɔde ka ho, separator nsakrae, ne electrode nhyehyɛe a enye so no, wobetumi ama lithium batere ahorow no adwumayɛ atu mpɔn kɛse.