So ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ grid level ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe ahorow so no wɔ hɔ?
Sɛ yɛka ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo ho asɛm a, bere nyinaa saa asono yi wɔ dan no mu a ɛte sɛ nea obiara saw twa - adekorabea ho hyia. Grid level energy storage sounds brilliant on paper, na akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛho hia sɛ yɛbɛma mframa ne owia ahoɔden ayɛ adwuma wɔ scale mu a. Nanso sintɔ ahorow a ɛwɔ grid level ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe ahorow so no boaboa ano ntɛmntɛm yiye bere a woatutu fam atwam aguadi nhomawa ahorow ne aban mmoa no.
Ade a edi kan a ɛbɔ wo ne ɛka a wɔbɔ. Ɛnyɛ sika kɛseɛ a wɔsɛe no ansa na wɔayɛ no nko ara, a ɛyɛ aniwa-nsuo a ɛdɔɔso, na mmom adwumayɛ ho ka a ɛkɔ so tu mogya afe biara. Fa Hornsdale Power Reserve a ɛwɔ South Australia - Tesla battery adwuma kɛseɛ a ɛfiri 2017 a obiara ani gye ho sɛ ɔbɛka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ nkonimdie asɛm. Ampa, ɛma grid no gyina wɔ frequency events mu, nanso 150 MW / 194 MWh nhyehyɛe no bo bɛyɛ $90 million AUD (www.abc.net.au). Ɛno yɛ adwuma kɔ biribi te sɛ $600,000 wɔ megawatt-dɔnhwerew biara a wɔde sie nneɛma mu. Wɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛsɛe charge cycle biako biara.
Lithium-ion battery, a ɛdi grid storage gua so seesei no, hwere bɛyɛ 2-3% wɔ wɔn tumi mu afe biara ɛfiri kalenda mpanyinyɛ mu ara kwa, sɛ mpo woamfa nni dwuma pii a. Afei cycle degradation nso wɔ hɔ a ɛka ho. Dodow no ara aguadi battery nhyehyɛe no wɔ warranty bɛyɛ 80% tumi wɔ mfe 10 akyi, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ woretua ka titiriw ma storage a nkakrankakra evaporates. Sikasɛm no yɛ nea ntease wom wɔ nsɛm pɔtee a wɔde di dwuma te sɛ frequency regulation a worenya akatua premium rates ama millisecond mmuae bere nkutoo mu.
Ahobammɔ ho haw ahorow no nso nnya adwene a ɛdɔɔso. Obiara kae bere a ogya tɔɔ Moss Landing battery adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ California wɔ afe 2021. Ɛno yɛ 300 MW / 1,200 MWh installation - wiase no mu nea ɛsõ sen biara no mu biako saa bere no - na na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔto mu asram pii. Afei ogya tɔɔ mu BIARA wɔ afe 2022 mu (www.energy-storage.news). Eyinom nyɛ ogya nketewa a wɔtow wɔ adididan mu a yɛreka ho asɛm. Lithium-ion thermal runaway events yɛ den yiye sɛ wobedum na wɔayi mframa a awuduru wom afi mu. Ne titiriw no, ɛsɛ sɛ odumgyafo adwumayɛbea no ma ɛhyew ne ho bere a wɔmma biribiara a aka no nkyere no.
California ayɛ installing battery storage te sɛ kraman, nanso wɔretu mmirika akɔ saa ɔhaw titiriw yi mu baabi a battery no betumi ayɛ discharge bɛyɛ nnɔnhwerew 4 pɛ wɔ rated power. Ɛno ye ma anwummere peak shaving bere a owia ahoɔden no kɔ fam, nanso mfaso nni so ma multi-day wim tebea anaa mmere mu nsakrae. Anka wubehia nneɛma a wɔkora so mpɛn 50-100 na wode adi dapɛn biako mununkum bere ho dwuma wɔ awɔw bere mu, a ɛma sikasɛm a asɛm wɔ ho dedaw no yɛ nea ntease nnim koraa.
Ma metow mfiridwuma nɔma ahorow bi ngu wo so. A typical utility-scale lithium-ion battery system wɔ round-trip efficiency bɛyɛ 85-90%, a ɛte sɛ nea ɛfata kosi sɛ wubehu sɛ ɛyɛ 10{12}}15% w'ahoɔden a ɛyera kɛkɛ kɔ ɔhyew mu. MWh 100 biara a wode sie no, wosan nya 85-90 MWh pɛ. Fa toto ɛno ho toto pumped hydro storage wɔ 70-80% efficiency - yiw ɛyɛ nea ɛba fam, nanso pumped hydro tumi sie ahoɔden asram pii a enni adehwere kɛse, bere a battery ankasa-discharge bɛyɛ 1-3% ɔsram biara.
Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia afã no nso yɛ basabasa. Mining lithium, cobalt, nickel - eyinom nyɛ akwan a ɛho tew. Ɛwɔ hɔ a saa 2020 amanneɛbɔ yi kyerɛ sɛ battery a wɔyɛ no ma CO2 a ɛyɛ kɛseɛ, baabi a ɛwɔ 60-150 kg CO2 wɔ kWh biara a battery tumi yɛ a egyina ahoɔden a wɔde afrafra a wɔde di dwuma wɔ adwumayɛ mu. Sɛ wo grid no da so ara yɛ adwuma wɔ fango so bere a woreyɛ battery storage a, ne titiriw no, woredan carbon a wɔtow gu no akɔ baabiara kɛkɛ sen sɛ wubeyi afi hɔ.
Afei nneɛma a wɔde ma ho haw no nso wɔ hɔ. Yɛrehu dedaw sɛ lithium bo rekɔ soro, na ɛno yɛ ansa na EV a wɔyɛ no rekɔ soro kɛse-. Grid storage ne anyinam ahoɔden kar ahorow resi akan wɔ batere nneɛma koro no ara ho, na nea ɛka ho ara ne sɛ wontumi nyɛ nneɛma a ɛdɔɔso a ɛbɛma gua abien no nyinaa abotɔyam wɔ nsenia a wɔreka ho asɛm no so. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ binom rehyɛ nkɔm sɛ lithium bɛhia wɔ afe 2025 anaa 2026. Akwaaba pa sɛ wobɛkyekyere terawatt-nnɔnhwereɛ a wode bɛkora nneɛma so berɛ a wuntumi nnya nneɛma no.
Flow batteries kɔ so nya nkɔso sɛ ano aduru, nanso wɔayɛ "just around the corner" mfe du du pii ni. Ahoɔden dodoɔ no yɛ hu - vanadium flow battery tumi yɛ bɛyɛ 20-30 Wh/kg sɛ wɔde toto lithium-ion 200+ Wh/kg ho a. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ electrolyte solution a ɛwɔ nsukorabea akɛse, nsu ho nhama pii a ebetumi atu, pɔmpɛ a egye ahoɔden na ɛhia sɛ wosiesie. Na ɛmfa ho bɔhyɛ ahorow no nyinaa no, batere a ɛsen a wɔde ahyɛ wiase nyinaa no nnyinaso no da so ara yɛ ketewaa bi sɛ wɔde toto lithium-ion ho a. Ebia biribi wɔ hɔ a enti ɛte saa.
Pumped hydro yɛ bɛyɛ 95% wɔ wiase nyinaa grid storage capacity mprempren, nanso worentumi nsi no wɔ baabiara kɛkɛ. Wohia asase ho nsɛm a ɛfata - atare akɛseɛ mmienu a ɛwɔ sorosoro ahodoɔ, sɛ ɛbɛyɛ yie a ɛbɛn nsuo a wɔde fa nsuo mu. Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho kwan a wɔde ma nkutoo gye mfe pii. Bere a Pacific Gas & Electric de nyansahyɛ mae sɛ wɔnyɛ nsu a wɔde pɔmpɛ yɛ adwuma wɔ California nnansa yi no, na wɔrehwɛ mfe 8-10 kɛkɛ ama tumi krataa ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nhwehwɛmu ansa na wɔabubu. Na ɛno ne sɛ yɛbɛfa no sɛ mmara mu asɛm biara mfi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho akuw a wɔhaw wɔn ho wɔ mpataa atrae ho no hɔ.
Grid integration nsɛnnennen no fata wɔn ankasa nkɔmmɔbɔ. Sɛ wode nneɛma pii bɛka ho a, ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ transformers, ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe, control infrastructure ahorow no foforo. Ɛnyɛ plug-ne-play. Sɛ batere ahorow no gyae ntɛmntɛm a, ebetumi ama ahoɔden pa ho nsɛm aba - ahoɔden a ɛsakrasakra, harmonic distortions. Wɔannwene grid no amma batere nhyehyɛe mpempem pii a wɔakyekyɛ a ne nyinaa bɔ charge ne discharge semi-randomly a egyina owia a wɔyɛ ne bere-de-de di dwuma bo ho nsɛnkyerɛnne so.
California CAISO grid operator no ayɛ nea ɛsɛ sɛ ɔyɛ gua so mmara foforo koraa ne bidding nhyehyɛe ahorow na ama wɔatumi de nneɛma a wɔkora so, na wɔda so ara resusuw ho. Storage betumi de ne ho ahyɛ ahoɔden gua, tumi gua, ancillary services gua - nanso mmara no yɛ soronko wɔ tumidi biara mu na ɛkɔ so sesa. Saa mmara mu adwenem naayɛ no ma ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya sika de ayɛ nnwuma efisɛ sikakorafo nnim sika a wobenya a wobetumi de wɔn ho ato so.
Afei nso, saa akokɔ-ne-egg haw a ɛyɛ nwonwa yi wɔ hɔ a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔkora so ne ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo a wɔde di dwuma ho. Wohia nneɛma a wode sie pii na ama woatumi ayɛ nneɛma a wɔyɛ no foforo pii, nanso nneɛma a wode sie no bo yɛ den, na ɛma nhyehyɛe a wɔaka abom no bo yɛ den, na ɛma nneɛma a wɔde yɛ foforo no brɛ ase. Germany huu eyi wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ den so - wɔde owia ne mframa pii ahyɛ mu nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔmfa nneɛma a wɔkora so a ɛdɔɔso, enti wowie a wɔtew awo ntoatoaso a wɔyɛ no foforo so bere a nea wɔyɛ no boro nea wɔhwehwɛ so, anaasɛ wɔtow fossil fuel adwumayɛbea ahorow bere a mframa no ntumi mmɔ.
Nkwa nna ho asɛm no haw me sen nneɛma afoforo dodow no ara. Abɔdeɛ mu mframa ahoɔden adwumayɛbea tumi yɛ adwuma mfeɛ aduasa-40 sɛ wɔsiesie no daa a. Nsuo a wɔde pɔmpɔ gu mu no di mfeɛ 50-100. Lithium-ion batere ahorow? Worehwɛ mfeɛ 10-15 ansa na wɔasesa, ebia 20 sɛ wo baby wɔn na woanhyɛ charge/discharge koraa a. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsesa batere a wɔde ahyɛ mu nyinaa mpɛn pii wɔ owia ahoɔden afiri anaa mframa afiri a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛboa no nkwa nna mu. Asetra mu ka a wɔbɔ no nkɔ soro yiye.
Na menkɔɔ asase a wɔde di dwuma ho ahwehwɛde ahorow no mu mpo. Batere a wɔde si hɔ hia baabi a ɛho hia, adan a wim tebea-hwɛ so, ogya a wɔde siw ano nhyehyɛe, ahobammɔ ban. Batere a ɛyɛ 100 MWh betumi agye acre pii. Fa saa nneɛma no ɔhaha anaa mpempem pii a ɛte saa a ehia ma aniberesɛm grid-scale storage no bɔ ho na woreka asase pii ho asɛm. Wɔ mmeae te sɛ Japan anaa Singapore a asase ho ka yɛ den no, eyi bɛyɛ akwanside kɛse.
Enti so ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ grid level ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe ahorow so no wɔ hɔ? Yeah, wɔyɛ saa koraa. Ɛno nkyerɛ sɛ ɛho nhia sɛ yɛkora nneɛma so anaasɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛkyekye. Nanso sɛ́ wɔbɛyɛ wɔn ho sɛ nsɛnnennen no nni hɔ anaasɛ wɔde mmoa a ɛdɔɔso bedi wɔn ho dwuma wɔ anwanwakwan so ne anidaso a ɛdɔɔso no yɛ nkwaseasɛm. Eyinom yɛ mfiridwuma, sikasɛm, ne honam fam nyansahu mu haw ahorow ankasa a ehia ano aduru ankasa, na ɛnyɛ anigyede kɛkɛ.