Made nnɔnhwerew pii dodo akɔ mumfiridwuma a wɔde sie ahoɔden. Nokwarem no, nea efii ase sɛ anigye a na ɔwɔ sɛ obehu me fipamfo no batere nhyehyɛe no danee biribi a ɛyɛ anigye. Enti nea masusuw ho ni-na gye me di, saa nneɛma yi bi maa me ho dwiriw me.
Asase no asesa kɛse. Mfeɛ anum a atwam no, na yɛreka lithium-ion ne pumped hydro ho asɛm titire. Ná ɛno ne no. Seesei? Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nneɛma a wobetumi apaw no yɛ nea ɛboro so.
Lithium-Ion Asɛm no
Obiara nim lithium-ion. Wo fon, laptop, ebia wo kar-ɛwɔ baabiara. Nanso ɛha na nneɛma nya anigye ma grid-scale ne home applications.
Ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ nwonwa. Yɛreka 150-250 Wh/kg ho asɛm, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobɛtumi ahyɛ aniberesɛm storage capacity akɔ relatively compact units mu. Fa ɛno toto lead-acid a ebia 35-40 Wh/kg ho, na wufi ase te nea enti a lithium-ion gyee tumi ntɛmntɛm saa no ase. Ɛnbɛn mpo.
Round-akwantuo a ɛyɛ yie tena bɛyɛ 85-95%. Ɛno yɛ nea ɛho hia. KWh 100 biara a wode bɛhyɛ mu no, worenya 85-95 asan afi mu. Ahoɔden a aka no dan ɔhyew, na ɛno nti na ɔhyew a wɔde di dwuma ho hia kɛse wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow yi mu no. Mahu installations a onwini a enye no bɔɔ efficiency ase ɔha biara mu nkyem 10-15. Mfomso a ne bo yɛ den.
Kyinhyia asetra gu ahorow kɛse a egyina nnuru ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma so. LFP (lithium iron phosphate) nkwammoaa tumi bɔ 4,000-6,000 kyinhyia wɔ 80% bun mu. NMC nnuruyɛ ho nimdeɛ? Te sɛ 1,500-2,000 kɛse wɔ tebea horow a ɛte saa ara mu. Saa nsonsonoe no ho hia bere a worebu nkwa nna nyinaa bo ho akontaa no.
Degradation curve no yɛ biribi a ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma no nsi so dua. Wohwere bɛyɛ 2-3% tumi afe biara mpo sɛ wode di dwuma yiye a. Mfe du akyi no, saa batere a ɛyɛ kWh 10 no yɛ batere a ɛyɛ kWh 8 ankasa. Yɛ nhyehyɛe ma ɛne no hyia.
Flow Batteries: Ɔkwan a Wɔnkyerɛ Ho Anisɔ
Megye tom sɛ mibuu flow battery animtiaa mfe pii. Na ɛte sɛ mfiridwuma a ɛyɛ niche a ɛrenkɔ soro ankasa da. Ná madi mfomso.
Adwene no yɛ fɛ: electrolyte ano aduru abien a wɔde asie wɔ nsukorabea ahorow mu, a wɔde fa nkwammoaa a wɔaboaboa ano mu baabi a wɔsesa ions wɔ aduru bi mu. Tumi a ɛba no gyina stack kɛse so. Ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu no gyina tank kɛse so. Wubetumi ayɛ wɔn scale wɔ ahofadi mu-a ɛyɛ mfaso ankasa ma application ahorow bi.
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) na ɛwɔ aguadi gua so mprempren. Round-trip efficiency sua sen lithium-ion-taa yɛ 65-75%-nanso ade no ni: electrolyte no nsɛe ɔkwan a lithium-ion electrodes yɛ no. Nnwumayɛfoɔ binom ka sɛ 20,000+ kyinhyia a tumi a ɛyera sua koraa. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wobetumi asan de electrolyte no ankasa adi dwuma daa.
Nanso, anammɔntu no yɛ kɛse. Wohia baabi ma tank, pɔmpɛ, cell stack, cooling systems. Wɔ utility-scale installations a 4+ dɔnhwerew bere tenten ahwehwɛde, sikasɛm fi ase hwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ anigye. Wɔ atrae ho? Ɛnyɛ nea mfaso wɔ so. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, ennya mmae.
Pumped Hydro: Ɛda so ara yɛ Ɔbran
Eyi ne baabi a ɛsɛ sɛ mede bere bi di dwuma, efisɛ wobu ani gu pumped hydro so wɔ trendy energy storage nkɔmmɔbɔ mu, na ɛno yɛ mfomso.
Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, nsuo a wɔde pɔmpɔ gu mu no gyina hɔ ma bɛyɛ 95% wɔ grid-scale ahoɔden a wɔkora so a wɔde ahyɛ mu no mu. Ma ɛno nkɔ mu Lithium-ion nsɛmti nyinaa, flow battery press releases nyinaa-wɔrepere saa 5% a aka no. Dodow no yɛ nwonwa: nsu a wɔde pɔmpɛ bɛboro GW 160 wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ɛkora ahoɔden a wɔsusuw wɔ GWh ɔhaha pii mu.
Nnyinasosɛm no rentumi nyɛ mmerɛw nsen saa. Pɔmpɛ nsu kɔ soro bere a anyinam ahoɔden bo nyɛ den anaasɛ ɛdɔɔso no. Ma ɛnsan nkɔ fam fa turbine ahorow mu bere a wuhia ahoɔden no. Ahoɔden a ɛtwe ade ba fam, a wɔkora so na wɔayi no adi. Nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa biara nni hɔ, nnuruyɛ a ɛyɛ den biara nni hɔ, nneɛma a ɛsɛe ho haw biara nni hɔ wɔ atetesɛm mu ntease mu.
Round-akwantuo a ɛyɛ adwuma yie no firi 70-85%, ɛgyina instɔlehyɛn nhyehyɛɛ so. Ɛnyɛ nea ɛkorɔn te sɛ lithium-ion, nanso ɛne flow battery di akan. Na nea ɛho hia ni: nhyehyɛe ahorow no kyɛ. Bath County Pumped Storage Station a ɛwɔ Virginia no ayɛ adwuma fi 1985. Bɛyɛ mfe aduanan a wɔde adi dwuma a wotumi de ho to so. Bɔ mmɔden sɛ wubenya batere a adi mfe 40 a ɛda so ara yɛ adwuma.
Mmuaeɛ berɛ no anya nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ wɔ variable-speed pump-turbines so. Nnɛyi installations betumi afi zero akɔ full output wɔ nea ennu simma abien mu. Ɛno yɛ ntɛmntɛm sɛnea ɛsɛ ma grid stabilization ahiade dodow no ara.
Anohyeto a ɛda adi pefee ne asase ho nsɛm. Wohia elevation nsonsonoe ne nsuo. Wɔayɛ mmeae a ɛfata pii dedaw wɔ mmeae te sɛ Norway, Switzerland, ne United States mmeae bi. Nanso-na eyi yɛ anigye-anigye a ɛrenya nkɔanim wɔ closed-loop nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛnmfa wɔn ho nto abɔde mu nsu so. Atopae a wɔagyaw hɔ, atare a wɔde atirimpɔw-si, mpo abodan a ɛwɔ asase ase.
Adansi ho ka da so ara yɛ kɛse. Yɛreka dɔla ɔpepepem pii ho asɛm ama nneɛma akɛse a wɔde besisi hɔ ne bere nhyehyɛe a wɔde ma ho kwan a wɔde mfe, ɛtɔ mmere bi a mfe du du pii susuw. Saa front-loaded investment no ne akwansideɛ titire a ɛmma nkɔsoɔ foforɔ, ɛnyɛ mfiridwuma mu anohyetoɔ.
Mframa a Wɔahyɛ no Den
CAES-mframa a wɔahyɛ no den ahoɔden a wɔkora so. Mprempren adwumayɛbea akɛse abien pɛ na ɛyɛ adwuma: Huntorf a ɛwɔ Germany (efi 1978) ne McIntosh a ɛwɔ Alabama (efi 1991). Wɔn baanu nyinaa de nkyene abodan a ɛwɔ asase ase di dwuma. Adwumayɛ yie bɛyɛ 40-50% ma atetesɛm adiabatic nhyehyɛɛ, ɛwom sɛ isothermal akwan a ɛkɔ anim hyɛ bɔ 70%+. Mfiridwuma a ɛyɛ anigyeɛ, anohyetoɔ a wɔde bedi dwuma. Yɛrekɔ so.
Hydrogen Asɛmmisa no
Mekɔ anim ne akyi wɔ hydrogen so. Nna bi wɔ hɔ a misusuw sɛ ɛyɛ daakye a ɛwɔ bere tenten-bere tenten akorae. Nna foforo nso, ɛte sɛ nea wontumi nni adwumayɛ a wɔhwere no so.
Nkontaabu titiriw a ɛma nkurɔfo hinhim ni. Electrolysis tu mmirika bɛyɛ 60-80% a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye. Compression anaa liquefaction gye ahoɔden fã foforo. Sɛ wo dane san kɔ anyinam ahoɔden mu denam petrol cell so a, worehwɛ ebia 40-60% efficiency. Stack wɔn bom na round-trip efficiency asase wɔ baabi a ɛwɔ 25-45% ntam. Ɛno ne... ɛnyɛ kɛse.
Nanso ɛnyɛ adwumayɛ a etu mpɔn ne biribiara. Hydrogen de biribi a mfiridwuma afoforo ntumi ma: bere mu nneɛma a wɔkora so ankasa a ɛnsɛe. Yɛ hydrogen wɔ awɔw bere mu bere a owia ahoɔden a ɛma ahoɔden no yɛ kɛse no, fa sie abodan anaa nsukorabea a ɛwɔ asase ase mu, na fa di dwuma wɔ awɔw bere mu bere a nneɛma a wɔhwehwɛ no kɔ soro no. Electrolyte a ɛwɔ flow battery mu no bɛda so ara ayɛ adwuma wɔ asram asia a woatra ase a ɔnyɛ hwee akyi, ampa, nanso hydrogen kɛkɛ... te hɔ. No self-discharge dadwen biara nni hɔ.
Mfaso foforo a ɛwɔ so ne sɛ wotumi yɛ nneɛma pii. Hydrogen a wɔde asie no betumi asan abɛyɛ anyinam ahoɔden bio, yiw. Nanso ebetumi ama mfiridwuma mu nneɛma nso anya aduan, ahyɛ kar ahorow mu pɛtro, anaasɛ ɛbɛma ɔhyew aba. Saa optionality no wɔ mfaso ankasa, sɛ ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛkyerɛ dodow mpo a.
Ntɛmntɛm Hyɛ no nsow wɔ Flywheels ho
Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ne werɛ fii flywheels. Wɔkora ahoɔden a ɛkɔ so wɔ rotor a ɛretwintwiw mu-a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ carbon fiber composites a ɛtu mmirika wɔ vacuum mu de brɛ friction ase. Mmuae bere yɛ nea ɛba ntɛm ara titiriw, na ɛma wɔyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ ma frequency nhyehyɛe. Nanso ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma no sua. Worehwɛ simma kakraa bi a wode besie, na ɛnyɛ nnɔnhwerew pii. Beacon Power yɛ adwuma wɔ 20 MW adwumayɛbea wɔ New York a ɛyɛ frequency regulation fɛfɛɛfɛ. Wɔ nneɛma a wɔkora so pii ho? Hwɛ baabi foforo.
Thermal Storage Nya Anigye
Nkyene a ayɛ hyew, anhwea a ɛyɛ hyew, nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, nsukyenee-ɛho ahorow pii wɔ ha sen sɛnea nkurɔfo hu.
Mfiridwuma a wɔde owia ahoɔden yɛ adwuma a wɔahyɛ no den de nkyene a wɔanwene a wɔkora so adi dwuma mfe pii. Gemasolar adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ Spain no tumi yɛ anyinam ahoɔden nnɔnhwerew 15 a owia nhyerɛn tẽẽ denam ɔhyew a wɔde asie wɔ nitrate nkyene a ayow mu a ɛyɛ bɛyɛ digrii 565 so . Ɛyɛ mfiridwuma a wɔada no adi.
Nea ɛma m’ani gye nnansa yi ne anhwea ne abotan a wɔde sie a ɛyɛ hyew. Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi de nneɛma a ne bo nyɛ den na ɛdɔɔso a etumi gyina ɔhyew a ɛboro digrii 1000 ano na edi dwuma . Nneɛma a wɔde ma a ɛyɛ nwonwa biara nni hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wohaw wo ho wɔ ho. Finland adwumakuw bi a wɔfrɛ no Polar Night Energy yɛɛ anhwea battery a ɛyɛ 100 MWh a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ aguadi mu fi afe 2022. Round-akwantuo a ɛyɛ adwuma yie no sua-ebia 50-60% ma anyinam ahoɔden-kɔ-anyinam-nanso sɛ wo dwumadie titire no yɛ ɔhyeɛ a, wobɛtumi abɔ 90%+.
Ɛfata sɛ yɛka nsukyenee a wɔkora so ma onwini dwumadie nso ho asɛm. Yɛ nsukyenee anadwo bere a anyinam ahoɔden bo nyɛ den, fa yɛ mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ awiabere nnɔnhwerew a nnipa pii wɔ hɔ no. Ɛnyɛ den, etu mpɔn, na wɔde adi dwuma dedaw wɔ aguadi adan mpempem pii mu. Ɛnyɛ glamorous, nanso ɛyɛ adwuma.
Enti Ɔkwan Bɛn so na Wɔde Toto Ho Ankasa?
Mmuae a ɛyɛ nokware ne sɛ: egyina nea worebɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛyɛ so. Metan saa mmuae no, nanso ɛyɛ nokware.
Bere tenten a Wɔhwehwɛ
Wɔ sub-second mmuae ne bere tiaa-bere ahiade (second kosi simma), flywheels ne supercapacitors di tumi. Wɔn bo yɛ den wɔ kWh biara mu nanso wontumi nni so nkonim wɔ ahoɔhare ho. Lithium-ion di dɔnhwerew 1-4 mfɛnsere no ho dwuma yiye koraa-eyi ne baabi a atrae ne aguadi mu deployments dodow no ara te. Sɛ wopia twa nnɔnhwerew 8-10 pɛ a, hydro ne flow battery a wɔde pɔmpɛ ayɛ no bɛyɛ nea ɛho ka sua. Wɔ bere a wɔde sie adapɛn anaa asram pii mu no, hydrogen nkutoo ne ɔkwan a wobetumi afa so mprempren ankasa.
Ɛka a Wɔbɔ No Nokwasɛm
Lithium-ion pack ho ka akɔ fam kɛseɛ-firi bɛyɛ $1,100/kWh wɔ afe 2010 mu akɔsi bɛyɛ $140/kWh wɔ afe 2024. Ɛno yɛ kwan a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Nanso batere ho ka yɛ nsɛso no fã bi pɛ. Nhyehyɛe, instɔlehyɛn, grid nkitahodi a ɛkari pɛ, a ɛma kwan-saa "ka a ɛyɛ mmerɛw" yi di adwuma no sikasɛm so kɛse. Ebia 100 kWh atrae nhyehyɛe a wɔde besisi hɔ no bɛbɔ ka $20,000-35,000, a egyina beae ne mpɔtam hɔ mmara so kɛse.
Nsuo a wɔde pɔmpɔ ayɛ no wɔ ɛka a ɛba fam koraa a wɔde sie ma dwumadie a ɛkyɛ-, mpɛn pii no $50-80/MWh wɔ adwuma no nkwa nna mu. Nea ɛkyere ne saa upfront capital requirement a madi kan aka ho asɛm no. Wohia sikakorafo a wɔwɔ abotare.
Flow batteries da so ara bo yɛ den-ebia $300-500/kWh ma nhyehyɛe a edi mũ-nanso nkwa nna tenten no sesa akontaabu no wɔ levelized costs so. Sɛ wo application hwehwɛ 10,000+ cycles wɔ mfeɛ aduonu mu a, tu akontaahyɛdeɛ no yie.
Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Nsusuwii
Eyi ne baabi a minya asɛnka kakra, kyɛw. Lithium-ion a wɔyɛ no wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso ankasa-cobalt a wotu no tebea, lithium a woyi mu nsu a wɔde di dwuma, awiei-nkwa a wɔsan de di dwuma bio ho nsɛnnennen. Yɛreyɛ yiye wɔ eyinom nyinaa mu, nanso sɛ yɛbɛyɛ yɛn ho sɛ batere ho tew koraa a, ɛyɛ naive. Nsuo a wɔde pɔmpɛ sesa nsase ne abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom, ɛwom sɛ closed-loop designs ma nsunsuansoɔ no sua de. Hydrogen a efi anyinam ahoɔden mu no ho tew te sɛ anyinam ahoɔden a ɛma no ahoɔden no ara pɛ. Saa nneɛma a wɔde di gua yi ho hia na ɛfata sɛ wosusuw ho nokwarem.
Nea Anka Mekamfo Akyerɛ Ankasa
Wɔ afie ne nnwuma nketewa dodow no ara fam? Lithium-ion, titiriw LFP nnuruyɛ. Mfiridwuma no ho akokwaw, wɔn a wɔde si hɔ no te ase, na nneɛma bo abɛyɛ nea ɛfata ankasa. Pair no ne rooftop solar na woanya system a ɛbɛsom wo yie mfeɛ 10-15.
Wɔ grid-scale projects a 4+ dɔnhwerew bere tenten ahwehwɛde, nkɔmmɔbɔ no yɛ anigye kɛse. Mede anibere bɛsɔ flow batteries a ɛka lithium-ion ho ahwɛ, titiriw sɛ application no hwehwɛ cycle counts a ɛkorɔn a. Na mma nsuo a wɔde pɔmpɛ ngu esiane sɛ ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ dedaw-ayɛ dedaw-baabi a asase ho adesua ma kwan nti, ɛtaa yɛ sika a wɔde bɛto mu bere tenten a eye sen biara.
Hwɛ mfiridwuma a ɛreba nso. Sodium-ion batere renya aguadi mu mfaso na ebetumi atew lithium-ion bo so wɔ mfe kakraa bi mu. Dade-mframa batere ma ahoɔden a ɛyɛ nwonwa ma dwumadie a ɛkyɛ-. Wɔde nneɛma a ɛtwe ade ba fam a wɔde sie a wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ den di dwuma sen sɛ wɔde nsu bedi dwuma no redi gua.
Asase no resakra ntɛmntɛm. Ebia nea ɛte sɛ nea eye sen biara nnɛ no renyɛ mmuae no wɔ mfe anum mu. Saa adwenem naayɛ no yɛ abasamtu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wusi gyinae mprempren a, nanso ɛyɛ anigye ankasa nso. Yɛrefa nsakraeɛ bi mu wɔ sɛdeɛ wiase no sie ahoɔden mu, na nneɛma foforɔ a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm no nkɔ fam.